Truss Bridge Report free essay sample

Objective The objective of the project is to build a truss that would be able to take a specific amount of downward force remarkably with respect to the weight of the truss itself, i. e. to construct a truss that would hold a relatively high efficiency score. And construct the bridge in such a way to as to keep the deflection of the structure at minimal. Introduction First of all, what is a truss? In an engineering view, a truss is a structure that is made up of series of triangular unit made of straight members that are connected at junctions known as nodes. External forces created by bodies known as loads, are often placed on areas of the structures which then creates internal forces in the members in form of either a Tensile Force or a Compressive Force. The practical analysis was carried out to help better our understanding on the theories behind the behaviour of a truss under different circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on Truss Bridge Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Analysis A Pratt truss illustrating the arrangement of the bars By calculation The length of the horizontal member is 99. 4m The height of the bridge is 20m. And the diagonal members are all 23. m The distance between the two sides (floor Beam) was 16m. Materials Today, bridges can be of the span, arch, or suspension type. Materials used throughout history include wood, masonry, cast iron, wrought iron, concrete, steel, reinforced concrete, alloy and silicon steel, pre-stressed concrete, carbon fibre, and aluminium. But since the experiment was to be performed in a small scale, Popsicle sticks where chosen to do the job. Then a non-toxic adhesive was chosen to be used to join the members at the node. A clamp of some sort is a good idea when constructing. Clamps are important because most of the popsicle stick arent flat, so if you dont clamp them when you glue them together your bridge probably wont hold together very well. Procedure The bridge truss was constructed using about 140 sticks, give or take a few. We began the construction by creating the smaller pieces that would be easier to glue together, clamped the pieces together, and then left them dry for over a period of 7 days, which made them strong enough to be used. We started with each side of the bridge, in order to keep them symmetrical, then flipped each side and added more members to strengthen the sides. We then erected the constructed sides and added angled supports across the horizontal member at the bottom, and then added some centre support to hold the structure firmly and give it its shape. We then added some horizontal members to connect the sides together and minimize the deflection of the structure. And we levelled the structure with a horizontal surface after gluing any major part to give it a stable composition. Then after the assembly process was complete. We then gave the bridge structure as a whole, time do dry so the glue would dry and give the joined members and nodes time to dry. Then it was on to the testing Testing For the testing procedure, the bridge was placed between two horizontal surfaces at a height that was enough to place weights to the lower horizontal members. And then weights were added simultaneously to the center of the lower horizontal members on both sides so as to balance the weight distribution across the bridge and keep it at equilibrium throughout the test. Then weights in newton were added continuously to the members until the structure began to show signs of major deformation that could destroy the bridge structur. Then the maximum weight it could take was noted down by the supervisor in charge of the testing procedure so that the grades would be allotted accordingly. Discussion As mentioned earlier a truss is a structure that is made up of one or more triangles connected at joints referred to as nodes. For the experiment we chose to use a type of truss known as a Pratt Truss. We chose this type of truss because of its history. It has been in use since the practice of using of wood for the construction of bridges was brought into play, and still when wood gave way to iron, and remained when iron gave way to steel. The vertical members in this type of truss are under compression, while the horizontal members respond to tension. It is unique because the long diagonal bars are only in tension for gravity load effect, which allows the members to be used more efficiently, so that slenderness effects related to buckling due to compression loads will not control the design. The prat truss which was patented in 1844 was patented by Caleb Pratt and his son Thomas Willis Pratt. Conclusion To sum it all up, according to the analysis of the truss, the theory was confirmed that the Pratt truss is one of the best trusses for withstanding vertical loadings, because of the geometry of the members.

Free Essays on A Star Was Born Peter Rose

A star was born Peter Edward Rose on April 14, 1941 to a Mr. And Mrs. Frank Rose in the baseball city of Cincinnati, Oh. His parent’s didn’t know it then but they would soon be the proud parents of an extremely talented baseball player. Rose played a total of 24 years of baseball, including being the manager for the Cincinnati Reds ball club only six were spent with another ball club, 19 of those years were spent with the Reds. Pete was thought of as one of the most competitive ballplayers of his generation. Over those years he achieved many recognizable awards, he was named National League Rookie of the Year in 1963; to be chosen for this honor over all the beginning baseball players takes a lot of skill as a player. Also, on September 11, 1985, Pete broke baseball veteran Ty Cobb’s record for most career hits (4,256), which to this day is still unbroken. Rose’s life is full of a lot of other great achievements also like: NL record for most years played, he played 500 games at five different positions. On March 20, 1989 the Major League Baseball Association announced it was investigating Rose for â€Å"serious allegations† of an unspecified nature. Kevin Hallinan, Baseball’s security chief was the original investigator. Hallinan hoped that the leads given to him wouldn’t take him anywhere but they did. Because of Hallinans beliefs John Dowd a Los Angelos lawyer took over the case. It was said that every place they went they found evidence that Pete did bet on baseball. Dowd’s report said Pete had bet on baseball and on his team, as much as 1 million during 1985,1986 and 1987. Most of the evidence in the Dowd report about Rose was gathered from fellow gamblers. It was thought that Rose bet an average of $2,000 per game on four to eight gamers per week during the spring of 1987. Rose’s bookie wasn’t so kind either; betting slips were sent to a FBI handwriting analyst. There it was confirmed that it was Rose’s h... Free Essays on A Star Was Born Peter Rose Free Essays on A Star Was Born Peter Rose A star was born Peter Edward Rose on April 14, 1941 to a Mr. And Mrs. Frank Rose in the baseball city of Cincinnati, Oh. His parent’s didn’t know it then but they would soon be the proud parents of an extremely talented baseball player. Rose played a total of 24 years of baseball, including being the manager for the Cincinnati Reds ball club only six were spent with another ball club, 19 of those years were spent with the Reds. Pete was thought of as one of the most competitive ballplayers of his generation. Over those years he achieved many recognizable awards, he was named National League Rookie of the Year in 1963; to be chosen for this honor over all the beginning baseball players takes a lot of skill as a player. Also, on September 11, 1985, Pete broke baseball veteran Ty Cobb’s record for most career hits (4,256), which to this day is still unbroken. Rose’s life is full of a lot of other great achievements also like: NL record for most years played, he played 500 games at five different positions. On March 20, 1989 the Major League Baseball Association announced it was investigating Rose for â€Å"serious allegations† of an unspecified nature. Kevin Hallinan, Baseball’s security chief was the original investigator. Hallinan hoped that the leads given to him wouldn’t take him anywhere but they did. Because of Hallinans beliefs John Dowd a Los Angelos lawyer took over the case. It was said that every place they went they found evidence that Pete did bet on baseball. Dowd’s report said Pete had bet on baseball and on his team, as much as 1 million during 1985,1986 and 1987. Most of the evidence in the Dowd report about Rose was gathered from fellow gamblers. It was thought that Rose bet an average of $2,000 per game on four to eight gamers per week during the spring of 1987. Rose’s bookie wasn’t so kind either; betting slips were sent to a FBI handwriting analyst. There it was confirmed that it was Rose’s h...

The first piece of coursework requires you to assess an ecommerce Assignment

The first piece of coursework requires you to assess an ecommerce business solution for your chosen organisation - Assignment Example Hennes & Mauritz operates in more than 38 countries across the globe with its main operations in North America, Europe and Asia. The headquarters of Hennes & Mauritz is located in Stockholm in Sweden. Currently, Hennes & Mauritz is one of the global leaders in the business of fashion products and is highly renowned for the robust strategic management processes employed by the management of the company over the many years of its operations. The valuation of the company is over USD 100 billion as of 2013. The electronic commerce market is a high potential market which is experiencing exponential growth (Laudon and Traver, 2003). As such, Hennes & Mauritz has focused in tapping in the large online marketing domains, especially in the delved countries like the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The company has introduced the electronic commerce business wing from 2010 when it had started selling its products through its corporate electronic commerce website. The online shopping website of H&M, was launched in the year 2010 which offered online retail sales only in the European countries. The electronic commerce wing of H&M was launched as a part of their strategic management function. The main aim of launching the electronic commerce business in the company was to ensure higher levels of competiveness and sustainability in the dynamic business environment, the fact that the electronic commerce domain of businesses across various industries had been experiencing a boost in the last 10 years had made it necessary for Hennes & Mauritz to invest and focus on this part of conducting business so as to ensure higher levels of competitiveness in the global markets of operation of the company (Dave, 2008). The company used to operate with 2200 physical stores locate in diverse geographical locations across the globe. However, currently, Hennes & Mauritz has also entered into the electronic commerce business domain by providing internet based services to its

Book review, Movie Made America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book review, Movie Made America - Essay Example A number of movie producers and directors moved to Hollywood to ensure the industry stays put. The golden age began with an end to the silent era. Diverse genres emerged that involved â€Å"western, slapstick comedy, film noir, musical, animated cartoon, biopic and newsreels†. Motion pictures flourished and the movie industry became a good business to venture. A number of marvelous cinema works emerged, because movie producers and directors developed too many movies with expectations of getting the best amongst the many. The merger between ideology and technology classified the new Hollywood that was accountable for the 1980s approach of synergy as cable companies flourished and the use of video emerged (Sklar 115). In terms of financing early filmmakers faced difficult times in ensuring film, production was of good quality and presentable. Filmmakers ended producing many movies so that they could benefit from the few that succeeded. Additionally, theatres showed movies at che aper prices so that filmmakers could get something from their work. Actors were not paid much because the industry was not doing well financially. Financial problems were also induced by the presence of censorship from the government. Censorship was established to ensure public apprehension about the quality; propriety, decency and taste of films produced were of the required standards. Religious groups and other powerful authorities also requested for censorship in motion pictures to ensure morals of the society were respected and adhered. Therefore, filmmakers were forced to ensure their film work passed through censorship so that they could get authority to sale and distribute their work (Sklar 116). Politics engulfed the film industry in 1947, citing that filmmakers were using propaganda in their films. Walt Disney and Ronald Reagan were among the first Hollywood professionals with court cases. A committee was thus established to disapprove the government interference in the ind ustry. Communism was the main subject of the court hearings and filmmakers tried to defend themselves in all manners possible. Additionally, the developed committee assisted in ensuring government interference in the film industry was limited for future purposes (Sklar 117). Changes in the movie industry in America can be tracked by checking the quality and the content contained in the early movies to date. For instance, after the Word war two filmmakers concentrated more in providing content related to war experiences and hardships. Most of the actors were involved in the war therefore; they came with new experiences and emotions after the war. Additionally, technological development can be seen through movies, from silent movies, to motion pictures to cartoons and animations to 3D pictures. Moreover, the quality of the pictures taken has changed overtime. Therefore, by only focusing on the movies from yester years one can see the history and culture of Americans clearly (Sklar 118 ). Through the movie industry, we learn that America is a versatile nation accommodating everyone through the movie industry. In addition, America as a nation likes changes, thus through the movies we can see the many changes that have taken place in people’s lives. At the beginning, pinhole cameras were used to project moving images on a screen. At the time, recording of images for later viewing was impossible. In 1830s, moving

Emerging New Diseases Within the Community Essay

Emerging New Diseases Within the Community - Essay Example It was found that the diseases developed were mainly related to respiratory problems, pulmonary diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Zanobetti et al., (2003) have found that pollutants are major factors for respiratory and heart diseases. Asthma and bronchitis have become increasingly common amongst the children and adults leading to extensive health problems. The heart diseases and more cases of kidney malfunction have also been reported regularly. The severity of the cases makes it imperative that root cause is identified and addressed. The community has been conscious of the environment and ensured that air pollution due to transport system is maintained within the limit by using eco-friendly transportation. But it is found that the recent industrialization, especially the establishment of Gas Company could be responsible for the emerging new diseases caused due to air and water pollution. It is found that the effluents and waste material from the gas company are contaminating the local water resources and environment. The water sample taken from the stream has testified existence of active chemicals that have a significant impact on the respiratory and pulmonary system of human being. The presence of poisonous gases in the environment has been due to ineffective treatment by the gas company. It is also found that the local stream which is the main source of water for the community is not only damaging to the environment but also for the health and survival of human beings. The community therefore needs to be proactive in containing the spread of these diseases. It is essential that people must come together and ensure that gas company must stop its operation till it can effectively treat its effluents and other dangerous contaminants so that air pollution, as well as water pollution, is totally eliminated.

Comparing Low Calorie, Low Fat, and Low Carbohydrate Diets Essay

Comparing Low Calorie, Low Fat, and Low Carbohydrate Diets Comparing low calorie diets, low fat diets, and low carbohydrate diets involves looking at how they work, what problems they have, and what foods are allowed, restricted, or prohibited on each diet. Therefore, it is essential to keep in mind the recommended daily allowances of each nutritional component of a diet at non-weight loss conditions. The major nutritional components of a diet are grouped into the major categories fat, carbohydrates and sugars, and proteins. There are also vitamins and minerals that are not a group of their own but are associated with each category – there are different vitamins in each category. The body uses each of these components for a different purpose and needs each in a different amount. One of these needs is energy – energy to keep the heart beating, the brain working and all the various mundane aspects of day-to-day living. Any excess energy is stored as body fat. If it ever needs energy, the body can dip into these reserves – burn fat. Schematically, a healthy, non-weight loss conditions diet can be represented by a pie chart with each nutritional component as one proportionally sized piece of the pie. Each different diet – low calorie, low fat, and low carbohydrate – changes the pie in a different way. On a low calorie diet, the entire pie is shrunk. The proportions of fat, carbohydrates and sugars, and protein are kept the same but fewer calories are consumed. This way, the body does not receive all the energy it needs from the food that it intakes and is thereby forced to dip into its energy reserves – i.e. body fat. But, in cutting down on calories, the amount of other essential nutritional components, such as vita... ...it into cheese. Sweets are completely forbidden. Meat is also allowed, hence the nickname ‘the meat and cheese diet.’ And, most vegetables are allowed and must be consumed to remain healthy. Low calorie, low fat and low carbohydrate diets all aim at reducing the amount of energy obtained from food so that the body is forced to burn fat for fuel. Each has a different proscribed menu. Low calorie diets focus on restricting portion size and overall amount of food eaten while low fat and low carbohydrate diets eliminate fats and carbohydrates respectively. Because each type of food contains a unique set of vitamins, people who practice each of these different diets must be mindful of which vitamins their diet is not providing in adequate amounts and compensate accordingly. Works Cited: http://www.weightlossforgood.co.uk/fat_information.htm

PEST Analysis of the External Environment Essay

The paper provides an analysis of the Case Study for Westjet Airlines, Canada. The case is taken from the work done by Peter Yannoupoulus (pg 376-380) Problem Statement The following problem statements are proposed: 1. Westjet Airlines total debt is higher relative to its shareholder equity a measure that may call for external financing. The company needs a strategy to ensure its self-sufficiency. 2. Westjet has many competitors and has to come up with strategies to ensure it remains in the market and makes profits. The major questions that management of Westjet have to deal with is whether to maintain its status quo of offering low cost and low fare, whether to venture more in the third party charter segment or whether to be involved in the Trans borders segment. The management has to decide the best strategy it will use to achieve its expansion plan and decision must be made urgently. PEST Analysis of the External Environment Political/ Legal After the 9/11 attack operating in the small markets has become uneconomical due to increased costs. Legal measures by the government translated to higher costs to airlines, which were transferred to consumers. Non-profit airport authorities have also led to the increased prices that act as a disincentive to air transportation. Most customers are price sensitive and care must be taken to maintain its competitiveness. Westjet incurred added costs by providing amenities to its customers like leather seats, snacks leg rooms and television. Economic It offers quality services, empowers its employees and shares profits. This way it maintains its competitiveness. Having good relationships with employees creates good relationships with customers. Employees can make decisions and solve customer problems without the unnecessary delay of contracting the management. Employees are made to feel as if they are part of the company. By offering quality services and on job training it improves its highly motivated employees skills. It employs qualified people who also have a right attitude. Employees are motivated by the profit sharing where they get additional money from what the company makes. Through its employees share purchase plan, it encourages its employees to invest in the company’s stock. Pricing Its fares are 55% lower than air Canada fares. It offers services at a low cost so as to increase the traffic flow. It attracts passengers who would prefer other means of transport as well as those without the traveling idea but attracted by the prices. Westjet intends to expand its scope to serve the central and eastern Canada. By early 2004, it was serving 24 Canadian cities. (P. 376) Environment/ Technological In increasing its efficiency Westjet may be obliged to incur high costs but the benefits are worth it. For instance the installation of winglets that cost $ 635,000 per plane would result to $ 112,500 savings p. a per plane. (p. 379) Social and Cultural Westjet airlines provide passenger, cargo and third party charter services to Canada’s domestic market. It started its operations in 1996 with 3 aircrafts and 220 employees by 2003. It has expanded and now employs 3610 employees and 14 aircrafts. It has entered an agreement with Air transit, the leading Canadian charter airline and it rent its airplanes during off-peak seasons like in winter months. It also did its maintenance and rented some of its simulators. Competition Air Canada, the largest competitor has more resources and a higher command in the market. It accessed over 90% of Canadian airline industry, US trans border and international markets. It makes counter decisions to be at better grounds than Westjet. Other low fare competitors include Cantet, HMY airways, Zoom airlines, Tango, and Jazz and Zip air. Decisions Alternative and Solutions Alternative -1 Tran border expansion Westjet may decide to expand in Tran border operations. Venturing into this area calls for increased cost in increasing aircrafts. Tough competition from subsidiary airlines of stronger airline could threaten its low fare strategy. There is very high competition in the trans-boarder market as it includes both the Canadian as well as the US airlines. Replacing the older aircrafts would also be essential to pave way for efficient aircrafts to travel non-stop across cities in Canada as well as across the borders. Alternative -2 Offer low cost and low fare and increase Canada market Westjet can maintain its status quo. It can strengthen or empower its employees results to increase their satisfaction that is further projected to the customers. Its small size will ensures low cost structure and fewer employees. Operating in the profitable routes makes it more efficient than large airlines. It must also ensure that it offers convenient schedules. It can increase or maintain these profits by increasing its scope. Westjet can advertise its services extensively through it the advertising and new media division in its sales and marketing. Advertisements can be through magazines, outdoors advertising, radio, television, and transit messaging and web advertisement. (P. 378). It can also increase offers to act as incentives like random promotion for instance, the prime ministers day special. Westjet offers tickets less reservation system through Internet bookings that are very convenient and effective to consumers. It also eliminated unnecessary costs that go with printing distribution and tracking of tickets Alternative -3 Venture more in charter segment. Westjet can opt to expand in the third party sector or the charter services. It is appropriate as the unutilized aircrafts can be utilized during winter. It can team up with established charter flight businesses. Most Favored Alternative The strategy that best suffice Westjet expansion is to expand its operation in Canada. Westjet has only exploited 10% of its potential market share and therefore has more potential to expand. (p. 375). It can increase the number of flights made and venture into areas that have not been exploited. Profits and ROI In 2001 Westjet had $ 478 million profits that rose to $ 680 million in 2002. It can continue with this trend if it exploits the unexploited 90% of its potential. (P. 380) References: Peter Yannoupoulus. West Jet Airlines Case 4 pg 376-380